LAW OF EQUITY & TRUSTS Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3500 words

LAW OF EQUITY & TRUSTS - Essay Example The legal and equitable estates had not been divided prior to the making of the security agreement.† 2 This qualifies the applicability of the requirement established in the law. Moreover it has been contended that The underlying policy was to :- a. prevent fraud by prohibiting oral hidden transfers of equitable interests under trusts and b. assist trustees by enabling them to identify the whereabouts of the equitable interest subsisting under a trust. 3 This indicates that even civil interactions among citizens state policy is to prevent prejudice, injury and fraud. That is made manifest by the measures embodied in law. It is the policy of the state that even in private transaction rights of citizens is upheld and propensity for the travesty against rights is extensively limited. Lord Radcliffe in Grey v Inland Revenue Commissioners [1960] AC 1 did suggest that ‘there is warrant for saying that a direction to his trustee by the equitable owner of trust property prescribing new trusts of that property was a declaration of trust’, but even if that were the case, his Lordship observed that the direction might nevertheless be a disposition falling within s. 53(1)(c) (and thus in need of written form) if ‘the effect of it was to determine completely or pro tanto the subsisting equitable interest of the maker of the direction’.4 This implies that as the controlling doctrine provides that the meaning of the provision is clear. Written proof is necessary to establish a transfer of equitable interest. Moreover, this is the case, even if there already is a relationship wherein the transfer has been had. Absence of written proof or documentation to this effect shall be construed as the absence of a valid and legal transfer. As to whether the direction to the bank had been void for lack of written formality, the House of Lords held that s. 53(1)(c) only applied to cases where the equitable interest in

The Appropriate Criteria Essay Example for Free

The Appropriate Criteria Essay The internal QA process largely takes place within the college programme/ department itself. Generally, this process collects continued information in a systematic way about the quality being achieved. The Self Assessment reports are the corner stone of the whole QA system and need to be prepared by the college under the guidance provided by the external agencies e.g. City and Guilds, EAL The Self Assessment report should be validated by peers and is the backbone of the whole exercise of Quality Assurance and Enhancement in Colleges. Therefore a standard Self Assessment report should motivate the internal QA by identifying its weaknesses and strengths, in practicing to be prepared for external assessment and informing the external evaluators about internal QA System. A self assessment report should provide comprehensive information regarding objectives, structure and content of the academic programmes, the learning and teaching environment and curriculum organization etc. The processes of conducting Self Assessment (SA) of college programmes are outlined by the scheme providers which provide guidance for practicing self assessment of college programmes of higher education institutions to maintain and improve the quality standards simultaneously. see more:explain why a workers personal views should not influence an individual\s choices Self Assessment is an effective tool for academic Quality Assurance and provides feed back to administration to initiate action plans for improvement. Quality in higher education is a dynamic entity and therefore various factors that determine quality of higher education must be set in equilibrium at a level that matches with national expectations and standards. These factors include, inter alia, leadership, quality of faculty, quality of students, curriculum, infrastructure facilities, research and learning environment, governance, strategic planning, assessment procedures, and their relevance to market forces. Combined with this the criteria for judging the quality of assessment process is usually laid down in organisation standards, such as health and safety, equality and diversity. Along with this we require an evidence trail to ensure relevance. Another method is the use of the criteria of meeting targets Use of questionnaires to assess learner satisfaction to awarding organisat ion standards. e.g. Performance./assessment criteria Levels :- NVQ etc Performance indicators Checklists Logging and tracking documents Portfolios Occupational/vocational standards National Occupational Standards (NOS) Government regulatory body standards e.g. Ofqual/Ofsted. When assessing , VASCAR can be referred to when judging the quality of the assessment process. V Is it valid; does the work presented meet the criteria and standards that are being worked towards? A Is the work authentic; is the work the learners/assessors own? S Is the evidence sufficient: is there enough to meet the requirements? C Is it current; is it linked to the current standards and are they up to date? A Is it accurate R Reliability; are the assessment decisions consistent and assessed to the appropriate levels for the qualification? Another acronym which is good to relate to during the process is ACR A Accuracy/audit trail ensuring all paperwork matches C Is there consistency over all the assessments, are all assessors working to the same standardized procedures R Record keeping, are all records accurate and thorough (ie are all dates and signatures correct and present). It is vitally important to ensure the above systems are maintained and followed correctly when judging the quality of assessment process. It is also important that they are adhered to in order to contribute to standardization throughout the college. Their use is also important to identify any discrepancies or support needed either for individuals or the team as a whole.

The Guilt of Shakespeares Macbeth :: GCSE English Literature Coursework

The Guilt of Macbeth  Ã‚   There is guilt throughout the play that motivates Macbeth. This guilt drives Lady Macbeth to insanity, which in the end causes the death of Lady Macbeth. Throughout the play Macbeth's deeds do no good his for conscious and his inheritance of the throne. There have been several occasions that Macbeth had experienced his guilt of the crimes he committed and the feeling of the fact that he was to be overthrown. After Macbeth kills King Duncan he feels guilty after committing this crime. Throughout the play there are several times where Macbeth is fallen guilty of his crimes, as well as his lady. after killing Duncan. Macbeth says, Methought I heard a voice cry, Sleep no more! Macbeth does murder sleep...(act2, scene2) to Lady Macbeth after he killed Duncan. As he hears this you tell that Macbeth is starting to feel guilty of the horrible deed he has done. I'll go no more. I am afraid to think what I have done. Look on't again I dare not.(act2, scene2) Macbeth says this during the conversation between him and Lady Macbeth after Macbeth killed Duncan. At this point in the play Lady Macbeth still hasn't had any guilt to the crimes she's been apart of. The second appearance that Macbeth becomes guilt stricken is in act three scene one. The scene starts off with Macbeth talking with Banquo. Macbeth is planning on killing Banquo because he fears that Banquo is becoming quite suspicious. So Macbeth plans on killing Banquo, while Banquo goes out for his night ride with his son Fleance. Due to this Macbeth starts to regain the guilt of him killing Duncan. For them the gracious Duncan have I murdered, put rancors in the vessel of my peace...(act3,scene1) Macbeth states this before he commands Banquo's death. At this point Macbeth seems to be as if he is in quick sand; the more he tries to get out the deeper he falls. Lady Macbeth has finally reached the end of her sanity, she starts to do some really odd things during the night. I have seen her rise from her bed, throw her nightgown upon her, unlock her closet, take forth paper, fold it, write upon't, read it, afterwards seal it, and again return to bed; yet all this while in a most fast

Criricism of Wilkie Collins’ Woman in White Essay -- Wilkie Collins Wo

Criricism of Wilkie Collins’ Woman in White â€Å"To Mr. Collins belongs the credit of having introduced into fiction those most mysterious of mysteries, the mysteries which are at our own doors.† So said Henry James in an unsigned review of another author’s work. But his view was certainly not shared by all those who cast their opinions into the fray. An unsigned review in the Saturday Review said of Collins’ work, â€Å"Estimated by the standard of great novels, the Woman in White is nowhere. Somewhere between these two points are friends and correspondents of Mr. Wilkie Collins. Novelist George Meredith wrote to Collins himself saying, â€Å"The tension of the W[oman] in W[hite] is not exactly pleasant, though cleverly produced. One wearies of it...† Charles Dickens was reserved in his opinion. He observed that, â€Å"There cannot be a doubt that it is a very great advance on all your former writing...† and also, â€Å"I seem to have noticed, here and there, that the great pains you take express themselves a trifle too much, and you know that I always contest your disposition to give an audience credit for nothing, which necessarily involves the forcing of points on their attention...† Considering all the material Wilkie Collins was either to be praised for inventing a new style, looked at in scorn for his lack of character development, or deemed the author of a work that â€Å"is an inferior metal altogether, though good and valuable of its kind,† as the Saturday Review critic stated.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Many critics complain that Collins’ characters are caricatures, not characters. The anonymous reviewer remarked that â€Å"They have characteristics, but not character,† in analyzing Wilkie’s creation. He goes on to say, â€Å"They might all be summed up in as many sente... ...ring-lugger I am building named ‘Marian Halcombe‘, the brave Girl in the Story.† Dr. Griffin mentioned that naming boats after Marian was a popular trend after the publication. This was the only mention of the trend but FitzGerald’s letters were the only personal documents not directed to Collins himself.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Wonderful or awful, or possibly just fair, Collins’ novel attracted a lot of attention and many different reactions. As for this student, I am inclined to agree with Mr. FitzGerald and his comments to W. F. Pollock. â€Å"[Jane Austen] is capital as far as she goes: but she never goes out of the Parlour; if but Magnus Troil or Jack Bruce [characters in Sir Walter Scott’s The Pirate], or even one of Fielding’s Brutes, would but dash in upon the Gentility, and swear a round Oath or two! I must think the Woman in White, with her Count Fosco, far beyond all that.† Criricism of Wilkie Collins’ Woman in White Essay -- Wilkie Collins Wo Criricism of Wilkie Collins’ Woman in White â€Å"To Mr. Collins belongs the credit of having introduced into fiction those most mysterious of mysteries, the mysteries which are at our own doors.† So said Henry James in an unsigned review of another author’s work. But his view was certainly not shared by all those who cast their opinions into the fray. An unsigned review in the Saturday Review said of Collins’ work, â€Å"Estimated by the standard of great novels, the Woman in White is nowhere. Somewhere between these two points are friends and correspondents of Mr. Wilkie Collins. Novelist George Meredith wrote to Collins himself saying, â€Å"The tension of the W[oman] in W[hite] is not exactly pleasant, though cleverly produced. One wearies of it...† Charles Dickens was reserved in his opinion. He observed that, â€Å"There cannot be a doubt that it is a very great advance on all your former writing...† and also, â€Å"I seem to have noticed, here and there, that the great pains you take express themselves a trifle too much, and you know that I always contest your disposition to give an audience credit for nothing, which necessarily involves the forcing of points on their attention...† Considering all the material Wilkie Collins was either to be praised for inventing a new style, looked at in scorn for his lack of character development, or deemed the author of a work that â€Å"is an inferior metal altogether, though good and valuable of its kind,† as the Saturday Review critic stated.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Many critics complain that Collins’ characters are caricatures, not characters. The anonymous reviewer remarked that â€Å"They have characteristics, but not character,† in analyzing Wilkie’s creation. He goes on to say, â€Å"They might all be summed up in as many sente... ...ring-lugger I am building named ‘Marian Halcombe‘, the brave Girl in the Story.† Dr. Griffin mentioned that naming boats after Marian was a popular trend after the publication. This was the only mention of the trend but FitzGerald’s letters were the only personal documents not directed to Collins himself.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Wonderful or awful, or possibly just fair, Collins’ novel attracted a lot of attention and many different reactions. As for this student, I am inclined to agree with Mr. FitzGerald and his comments to W. F. Pollock. â€Å"[Jane Austen] is capital as far as she goes: but she never goes out of the Parlour; if but Magnus Troil or Jack Bruce [characters in Sir Walter Scott’s The Pirate], or even one of Fielding’s Brutes, would but dash in upon the Gentility, and swear a round Oath or two! I must think the Woman in White, with her Count Fosco, far beyond all that.†

Personalized assistive technology plan

In my class, there are students from   five grades, with differing requirements. We only have one computer, shared by students who each need it for 6-7 hours a week. I would (a) increase the amount of time of   visual learning keeping in mind the special needs of some students (b) like to incorporate more interactive learning into curriculum work that should reduce the tedium of books and increase more interest and (c) with more computer time available per student, encourage them to acquire new skills through the PC. I would present my plan to the principle, and request the help oh (Mike) my 4th grade colleague, to install and start the various new programs. Wish list , justification and approximate budget, in the order I would like them : 1. New Multi-user Pentium Dual-Core PC 1.6 GHz, 1.5 GB RAM, good graphics accelerator and sound card (estimated $ 700) and large 22 inch flat-panel monitor ( estimated $ 200). This should be used primarily for :   multimedia programs for visual learning, short DVD movies on various educational themes, phonics, language learning, my teacher training programs, assistive software for special education.   Ã‚  Mike needs to connect this to the internet as well transfer a few older files/software. I have to discuss it with the Principal. (Being multi-user in design, it will be much cheaper to create additional stations in future, by just adding extra monitors and keyboards. In the future, as school work will become more and more computer based it’s a low cost investment for the future). 2. Additional headset, special needs keyboard ( one child struggles on our current one), and multipoint electrical outlet as we have none spare at the moment – estimated cost ($ 90)   : could pay out of my own budget, but could try the School Budget too. 3. Educational, Assistive (Visual) and games software: (a) Phonics software to cover all grades in my class- Phonics plus Five, seen the demo, would help at least half the children (spelling, grammar, reading, sounds etc). Package contains workbooks, which can be copied for multiple use. Normal price $ 250, but can get large academic discount plus multiple licenses discount on top. Got to discuss with principal, as I need her permission on the   educational policy aspect too. (b) MathWhizz online subscription ($ 39.99 per month or $ 360 per year) : Maths is definitely the most boring subject for most kids in my class, and improving maths grades is   a priority. No free online resource for schools identified . For all other subjects, we are okay at present, but Math needs special attention. Got to discuss with principal. ( c) Spanish language software : Three children have requested this, as part of their extracurricular plans, at a basic level only. ($ 25 only, will pay from class budget as it is not linked to core school curriculum). (d) Games – I have asked all children to submit their choice of games as usual (every 3 months), and the top two titles I selected this time to cover geography and new puzzles. I have not agreed on online games for their addictive potential, and it is worth spending the $ 40 or so every 3 months. Principal agrees, though   could pay from my class budget too. (e) Webcam and microphone   – not a priority, sometime later this year. More schools are linking up for online conferences. I will speak to Mike first about requirements before budgeting.   I will update the plan in 6 months.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Sd/- Nancy Choi  Ã‚   February 15, 2008.

Free Essays on Kant And Freedom

, we are bound by the moral law. If the answer is yes, the question is, What about free will? Aren’t we free to exercise... Free Essays on Kant And Freedom Free Essays on Kant And Freedom Critically discuss Kant’s understanding of freedom. ‘The concept of freedom is the stone of stumbling for all empiricists, but at the same time the key to the loftiest practical principles for critical moralists, who perceive by its means that they must necessarily proceed by a rational method.’ Kant, Critique of Practical Reason, Preface Immanuel Kant was born in 1724 in Konigsberg, Germany. He is undeniably one of the most influential philosophers in the realm of moral and political thinking. Kant learned his philosophy in the German university system, which was dominated by the thought of Christian Wolff, himself a follower of Leibniz and the empiricism of David Hume. His greatest work ‘‘Critique of Pure Reason†Ã¢â‚¬â„¢ is a synthesis of rationalism and empiricisnm both of which in themselves , he believed , gave a one sided view of knowledge. However, his writings was not on one sided subject, from science to mathematics to philosophy and politics. One of his work ‘Metaphysical Ground†¦Ã¢â‚¬â„¢ Kant claims the commitment of categorical imperative is objective. The idea of freedom is not only demanded by a sense of duty , but it also compatrible with the law of casuality. . Man as a phenomenal being is casually determined, but as a noumenal being he is free. Meaning; man cannot know what his freedom is but he knows that he is free. In ‘Critique of Pure Reason’, Kant advanced his theory on freedom into a level where we should consider ourselves as robots : the law of cause and effect, the law of causation, and the moral law. In fact, the doctrine of determinism. Is it reasonable to believe that our actions are fully determined by the law of cause and effect? and What we experience are not as far as we can know, characteristics of those things as they are in themselves? In other words, we are bound by the moral law. If the answer is yes, the question is, What about free will? Aren’t we free to exercise...

The Great Dparture essays

The Great Dparture essays The Great Departure illustrates the United States evolution from a traditional isolationist Nation to an interventionist nation. Daniel Smith presents the factors that influenced the United States to enter the war and conveying the mindset of American leaders and the issues they faced pertaining to the war. WW I dragged the U.S. out of its isolationist shell and placed the U.S. at the forefront of international politics. Propaganda was a tool used by Germany and the allies to influence the U.S. Weather the Propaganda was used to keep the U.S. out of the war or to try and draw the them into the war made no real difference. Dr. Alberts briefcase affair and the German execution of Nurse Edith Cavell show the extent of Propaganda in the U.S. and other atrocities of war carried out by either side. Daniel Smith recognized the importance of these Propaganda stories and the heterogeneous culture of the U.S. underestimated the actual impact on public sentiment. The U.S. the great melting pot had an enormous immigrant population, to underestimate the effect of Propaganda on a population that had close personal ties to their home land, and their ability to influence the actions of government in a democratic republic is a mistake. President Wilson was operating under this assumption that the people would influence the government when he neglected to accept any of the Senator Lodges changes to the peace treaty. This in not the reason the U.S. joined the Allies in WW I, but the heterogeneous makeup of the population was an influence on why the U.S. moved away from an isolationist state. Balance of powers was a factor that influenced the U.S. in its views of WW I. The U.S. and the world had come to rely on the principle of balance of power to ensure peace, security and trade throughout the world. It was no doubt that a victory by the Central Powers would catapult Germany to superpower status and upset the balance of...

The Great Gatsby Film and Book essays

The Great Gatsby Film and Book essays The film ran pretty close to the actual book. The dialogues for the most part were exactly the same and the scenes in the movies seemed to fit those of the book very well. Many of the differences were very minor and insignificant. There were a handful of differences that are worth noting however. Many of them are scenes left out of the movie that occurred in the book. A few times something is switched around. I had a list of differences from the film that spanned 3 pages but I selected a few of the main ones. A difference that seems inconsequential but it really is quite important is that in the movie there is no owl man. In the book Nick runs into the owl man in Gatsbys library going through his books amazed that they are real books, all of the highest quality. Although that seems very unimportant that scene in the book shows how hard Gatsby tries to have the appearance of being a rich, successful person in society. I saw a small detail in the movie that has a deeper meaning that I did not notice in the book. In the movie at Gatsbys first party there is two scenes showing a scrappy scuffled looking dog. In one scene the dog sneaks onto the table and grabs a piece of turkey and in another he sneaks in with the crowd into Gatsbys ballroom once it begins to rain. I believe the dog was a symbol of Gatsbys true self. In reality Gatsby came from nothing he was a commoner. Gatsby was not a true high member of society like the image he tried to impress upon people. He kind of just sneaks around the party with his own agenda, just like the dog. A difference in the script of the movie that I considered a mistake was how Nick meets Gatsby. In the book Nick and Gatsby have a conversation about the war and things and Nick doesnt even realize whom he is talking to until Gatsby tells him. In the movie a servant finds Gatsby and orders him to Gatsbys study where he intr...

Millennium Dome Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Millennium Dome - Essay Example resources. A project means to achieve an end in harmony with the development process of the sponsoring organization. It is also usually a means to develop assets, acceptable within quality specifications. It is a process whereby six types of resources are invested; such resources are better known as the 6 M’s. These are men, materials, machines, money and minutes. Out of the six M’s minutes and money are mostly independent of one another. But the other 4M’s could be procured in exchange for money, but they are difficult to evaluate in minutes and monetary terms. Therefore it must be ensured that organizations should exercise the utmost caution in selecting and execution a project keeping in mind that resources are scarce commodities. Also keeping the scarcity factor in mind organizations must ensure that the projects should be clearly defined from the point of view of implementation and control (Kothari, 2007, p. 201). During the course of a project an organizati on faces a number of projects that are needed to be overcome to ensure successful execution of the project. The study looks to analyze such problem keeping the case of Millennium Dom at the focal point of discussion. The study looks to provide clear and concise understandings of the overall project management process, initial phase of the millennium dome project planning, the actual execution of the project, evaluate the outcomes of the project ( both positive and negative); and finally based on the above analysis the study looks to provide recommendations (De, 2011, p.229). Project Management Process A project management can be defined as the application of various skills, knowledge, tools, and techniques in order to achieve the required project goal. According to the definition of project management defined by The Project Management Institute (PMI), it is the art of coordinating and directing both material, financial and human resources throughout life of a project by using advanc ed management techniques to successfully achieve predetermined goals. Formulation of the organization as system of problem This is done in such a way to capture and highlight the essential and systematic properties of the organization, not by listing independently formulated threats and opportunities; but by protecting the future that the system would have it, and its environment, were to continue unchanged. It is the future that a system currently is in. End Planning This involves selecting the ideals, objectives and goals to be pursued by preparing an idealized redesign of the system planned for a design which the relevant stake holders would replace the existing system today if they were free to do so. The difference between this most desired design and t description developed in the first phase define the gaps to be filled by the remainder of the planning process. Means Planning Here the ways of filling the gaps are selected. These are more likely to require invention than disco very. They can take the form of policies, programs, projects and procedures, practices or individual courses of action. Resource Planning A determination is made of how much of each type of resource –people, facilities, equipments, materials, energy, money, information, knowledge and understanding will be needed by the means elected, and when these requirements will arise. Then it is quite

Assigment 5 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Assigment 5 - Essay Example The web studio 5.0 is one of the most recent and reliable Web Design Software (Fowler and Victor 5). The program is a creation of the Back To The Beach Software Company. The program also offers 30 days trail for interested customers. The 30 days trail involves full web design operation and function, free website hosting and technology support. Despite being cheaper, the program has numerous useful applications. Net Objects Fusion Essentials is also another useful website program. The program also offers free services for individuals who are interested in using website services. Some of the basic features of the program entail ecommerce tools, photo gallery, quick times, flash builder, and rollover images. The Trendy Flash Site Builder is one of the most effective and reliable web design software. By using this program, an individual has the capability of creating SEO optimized website that has stunning tools and graphics. The programs also has other reliable features that include unl imited customizations, music library, text effects, pay pal integration as well as premade web site design. Compared to other programs, the Trendy Flash Site Builder is relatively cheap and affordable. Apache web server software is also reliable and effective web design software. ... Despite offering better services to its customers the programs is also cheap to learn and maintain. FrontPage Web Design Program is also reliable web design software. In order to use the program, the user needs to pay for the services and secure a license of using its services. This program is also created and supported by companies that have he will of making huge amount of profit. Huge number people can also use the services of this program at one specific time. The program also has a support team that offers 24 hours services to its customers (Plumley and Warren 67). Paint.NET is also reliable web design software that is accessible to huge number of website users. This web design software is copyrighted software that is available for both personal use and for downloading importance programs from the website. This program is free but the frequent users of the programs are requested to pay small contribution for the maintenance of the program. After paying the required registration fee, an individual become a permanent member with the authority of effectively using the program. Among the six common webs design software, the Web Studio 5.0 is one of the most reliable web design software. This is owing to the fact that the program is easy to learn and manage. The maintenance cost of the program is also friend among all website users. The programs also has drag interface and it is easy to drop. The program is also fasters and facilitate easy creation of professionals website. This web design software has various features such as video tutorial, menu maker and PayPal shopping cart. However, despite being one of the most reliable web design software, the program is relatively expensive compared to other programs. In addition, the process of acquiring the programs

Answers question based on case study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Answers question based on - Case Study Example Card is done using digital signatures that accurately verifies whether a certain user has an existing electronic document (Farhoomand & McCauley, 2008, p. 6). TradeCard is very strict never to disclose private information, confidential transaction data, or business details to external parties without permission from the users. Members’ personal identifiable information and confidential transaction data are only shared with other participating business partners and with TradeCard’s coalition partners. TradeCard uses a Global secure site that ensures the client browsers are highly confidential. The server certificates in this site have a strong (a 128-bit) encryption on all transactions between a client’s browser and TradeCard system servers (Farhoomand & McCauley, 2008, p. 7). Data integrity in any transaction is very important to people involved. That is the reason TradeCard system provides a high-level of assurance that unauthorized person cannot alter any data in a transaction. Digital signatures protect integrity of user’s documents in the system. The Global site system can prove the integrity of a document in future by passing the document information and public key into a digital signature verification algorithm. In case of any type of data manipulation, the verification process will be unsuccessful (Farhoomand & McCauley, 2008, p. 11). In its effort to provide secure means of conducting global transactions, beside from the strict application procedures and verifications followed via Thomas Cook and Coface, TradeCard has created a complex security system. The architecture of the system has three built levels of security; these are, 2-factor user authentication, server authentication, and digital signatures The Global Secure Site Certificate secures TradeCard system, where by the Secure site ID ensures the user’s browser is encrypted with the communications encryption of 128 bit for US web browser and 40 bit for an exportable Web browser. Each

Family Business Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words - 1

Family Business - Essay Example Family businesses are observed and viewed as a crucial part of an economy in any country, as they supply substantial contributions to economic growth and revenue development for those countries. Because of this, family businesses can be seen as part of the reason that the world has developed economically as the same families then sell stocks of the companies, which consolidates the businesses even further. It is as a result that family businesses have become some of the world's largest multinationals and conglomerates. Assessing these businesses is a crucial part for any economy in order to look into how these businesses can be made successful, or even fail based on different criteria as mentioned earlier. Family Governance Family governance is the first criteria through which family businesses relative success is measured, in which the measure lies in how the wealth of a family keeps growing or deteriorating in relation to proper management and poor management respectively. This mea sure manifests itself from one generation to the next, in which case it is based on economic factors of different generations and their prevailing economic conditions, which then allow academics to judge how well the businesses are doing (Davis, 2001). It is as a result of this that every generation is expected to play its own key role in running the family businesses and ensure that it does not regress, and should this regression occur, there should be adequate means to bring it back up. Should this family governance criterion fail, it means that a family is under a relative slump, where the business could never recover or is just in a dormant state. Other than this, the concept of family governance looks into ensuring that there is integration between different familial generations in the management of a business, which is just a measure of how the future looks for the company after the current older generation relinquishes its management rights. Looking along the lines of this fa mily governance concept of success determination brings in an aspect of corporate governance, which is similar to how central and federal governments work. As such, there is the question of authority in the business, where there are family gatherings that are focused on the wellbeing of the business and its expansion. This is aimed at the development of policies that are friendly to expansion of assets and communication, as well as revenues, in which there is another aspect of familial values and beliefs that act as guides towards how different members of the family direct and relate to one another in the business (The Sloan Brothers, n.d). This can be defined as the definition of roles for all family members involved in the business, which primarily serves to ensure that there is harmony in different roles, as well as lowering the possibility of familial wrangles over hegemony and authority. Responsibility is fostered in these aspects of assessment, where all family members are exp ected to reflect on their conduct and how it affects the business, which could be positive or negative, but the main feature of assessment is how the organization of the family works (Walsh 2011, p.7). This is as evident in the

Rhetorical Analysis of a Discourse Communitys Practices Essay - 1

Rhetorical Analysis of a Discourse Communitys Practices - Essay Example Obviously, there is a considerable gap when information under the title is being passed over on one hand from professional to professional, and on the other hand, from a professional in the field marketing to a layman. Texts written in professional jargon typically suits the fellow professionals whereas texts written in plain English would, without doubt be constructed to suit the layman. When writing marketing papers it is imperative to distinguish the content for the two types of audiences. In the paper mentioned earlier, the content had been written to suit fellow marketing professionals. In marketing there are terminologies that cannot be easily deciphered by the layman unless they subjected the terms to a research. For instance, cause marketing, the seven P’s , copy testing, intangibility, investometer, low-end market, permission marketing, segregation, segmentation, warm marketing amongst others that were not contained within the paper whose title had been mentioned earl ier. Most of these terminologies are normal English words that would mean a different thing to layman, yet for a marketing professional the terms do have a relational meaning from the normal English usage. For instance, the term intangibility is an adverb and its derivative adjective intangible refers to ‘not having physical presence or unable to be touched’ (Soanes and Angus, 908). In marketing and from the usage in the paper it is used to describe the fruitless effort in assessing the value earned from performing an activity using tangible evidence. Hence, whereas it is proper to write an easily decipherable paper that can be read by everybody, technical languages associated with marketing will always prove difficult for those individuals who are not accustomed to the field. Although critics of technical writing argue that writing in marketing tone interferes with clear communication, it is important to note that

Family Business Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words - 1

Family Business - Essay Example Family businesses are observed and viewed as a crucial part of an economy in any country, as they supply substantial contributions to economic growth and revenue development for those countries. Because of this, family businesses can be seen as part of the reason that the world has developed economically as the same families then sell stocks of the companies, which consolidates the businesses even further. It is as a result that family businesses have become some of the world's largest multinationals and conglomerates. Assessing these businesses is a crucial part for any economy in order to look into how these businesses can be made successful, or even fail based on different criteria as mentioned earlier. Family Governance Family governance is the first criteria through which family businesses relative success is measured, in which the measure lies in how the wealth of a family keeps growing or deteriorating in relation to proper management and poor management respectively. This mea sure manifests itself from one generation to the next, in which case it is based on economic factors of different generations and their prevailing economic conditions, which then allow academics to judge how well the businesses are doing (Davis, 2001). It is as a result of this that every generation is expected to play its own key role in running the family businesses and ensure that it does not regress, and should this regression occur, there should be adequate means to bring it back up. Should this family governance criterion fail, it means that a family is under a relative slump, where the business could never recover or is just in a dormant state. Other than this, the concept of family governance looks into ensuring that there is integration between different familial generations in the management of a business, which is just a measure of how the future looks for the company after the current older generation relinquishes its management rights. Looking along the lines of this fa mily governance concept of success determination brings in an aspect of corporate governance, which is similar to how central and federal governments work. As such, there is the question of authority in the business, where there are family gatherings that are focused on the wellbeing of the business and its expansion. This is aimed at the development of policies that are friendly to expansion of assets and communication, as well as revenues, in which there is another aspect of familial values and beliefs that act as guides towards how different members of the family direct and relate to one another in the business (The Sloan Brothers, n.d). This can be defined as the definition of roles for all family members involved in the business, which primarily serves to ensure that there is harmony in different roles, as well as lowering the possibility of familial wrangles over hegemony and authority. Responsibility is fostered in these aspects of assessment, where all family members are exp ected to reflect on their conduct and how it affects the business, which could be positive or negative, but the main feature of assessment is how the organization of the family works (Walsh 2011, p.7). This is as evident in the

Bit coin in monetary economics Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Bit coin in monetary economics - Essay Example It allows the conversions once held bit coins are automatically stored without the requirement of a bank account (Barski and Wilmer, 31). Consequently, bit coin and other electronic coins reduce storage and business price, as well as it presents another option to control currency danger. Since bit coin floats against any money and it is attached to any nation’s financial system, it is by meaning affronted from the result of its fiscal rule and economic measures. Supports might argue that uneven balances to bit coin could guard against dips in money since the bit coin in result does not, does not shift while every other money changes instead. However, bit coin’s worth is unstable, driven by issues in numerous cases exterior to the distinctive supply and command for the money itself. Recently commerce in bit coin has been considerably influenced by news that regulatory organizations perceive the active currency as a refuge for money wash (Barski and Wilmer, 53). The lack of participants in the marketplace is also another important issue. Banks are not engaged in bit coin; therefore a business seeming to transact has inadequate alternatives. Even as a handful of treasury and risk controls portals will deal with practical currencies, the need for a system addition and formal confirmation actions will be vital. The legal activities increase the time and attempt for companies to total their diligence and narrow fulfillment to support these dealings (Barski and Wilmer, 122). Combine with the need for a copied marketplace and the requirement for business to evade projected money poses and the instruments just aren’t there for business to dependently use the bit coin. For business treasury and danger managers, the bit coin is not a considerable option to real market money owing to the need for cash. The quantity of bit coin in survival is little, which apparently makes it hard for

A Tale of Two Cities by Charles Dickens Essay Example for Free

A Tale of Two Cities by Charles Dickens Essay Throughout A Tale of Two Cities, Charles Dickens tells the story of several characters, all of who are developed continuously throughout the chapters. Several of the characters are greatly developed, some showing unpredictable sides to their personalities. Sydney Carton is a prime example of such a character, his delicate personality revealed when he declares his love for Lucie. He is not the only character in love with Lucie, however. Throughout Book Two, it is revealed that Stryver and Charles Darnay are also coveting Lucie. Darnay and Carton both announce their love for her, however Carton is the only one who goes directly to Lucie to tell her. In this passage, Carton is asking Lucie to not forget him and to remember that even when she is married and with kids, he will always be there for her to keep her happy. Carton’s declaration of his love for Lucie not only reveals his love and foreshadows his selfless, noble act in the later chapters, but in addition, Dickens’ use of language reveals that Sydney is no longer the â€Å"jackal,† but that he is in fact much more than that – a sensitive man with deep emotions. Dickens’ use of language in this passage brings to light the sincerity in Sydney Carton, changing the mood of the reader towards him, and the words that Dickens uses to make Carton express himself allows Carton to truly show his desire for Lucie. When Carton says, â€Å"for you, and for any dear to you, I would do anything,† Dickens is emphasizing the fact that Carton is dedicated to her. Throughout the passage, he continuously repeats phrases including the word you, such as when he states â€Å"I would embrace any sacrifice for you and for those dear to you.† As a result of emphasizing Carton’s love for Lucie, Dickens creates an immense feeling of sympathy for the reader, as the dedication for Lucie is expressed so eloquently. The fact that Carton accepts this unrequited love by saying â€Å"I will relieve you of a visitor with whom I well know you have nothing in unison, and between whom and you there is an impassable space† creates even more comp assion for Carton because even though it is known that Lucie does not reciprocate his feelings, it is even more painful to watch as he simply walks away from the woman he loves. In addition to uncovering Carton’s true love for Lucie, Dickens uses irony to show the eloquent Carton that contrasts with the drunken Carton of the previous chapters. The chapter to which this passage belongs to is titled â€Å"The Fellow of No Delicacy,† which is ironic because although perhaps Carton was not delicate in the preceding chapters, in this passage he is nothing but eloquent and delicate. He remarks â€Å"try to hold me in your mind, at some quiet times, as ardent and sincere in this one thing,† a great example of his eloquence, which once again causes the reader to develop sympathy for him, since the language he is using so differs from his previous drunken language à ¯Ã‚ ¨203). Carton’s eloquence really shines through in this passage, even though it contrasts with the chapter title and Dickens creates sympathy and tenderness towards Sydney Carton. Because Sydney Carton is put down, not only by others but by himself as well, throughout the entire first half of the second book, when he declares his love for Lucie in such an unselfish and loving manner, it changes how Carton is viewed. Since Stryver takes all the credit for being successful even though Carton does all the work, it is written, â€Å"†¦although Sydney Carton would never be a lion, he was an amazingly good jackal† à ¯Ã‚ ¨116). Carton even describes himself to Darnay as â€Å"I am a disappointed drudge, sir I care for no man on earth, and no man on earth cares for me,† exhibiting Carton’s own self-pity and sadness for the world à ¯Ã‚ ¨113). However, with this passage, Sydney Carton causes any reader to fully disregard any judgments made for his character. Dickens previously portrayed him as this unfortunate man without anything to live for, but now it is revealed that Carton does indeed have someone to live for – Lucie and her happi ness. This passage causes all previous opinions about Sydney Carton to be discarded, as now Sydney Carton is no longer the jackal, but he has turned into the lion. In addition to revealing the compassionate and eloquent side of Sydney Carton, this passage is also a moment of foreshadowing for Carton’s noble and unselfish act of sacrificing himself for Lucie’s happiness. What may have seemed to be just talk about how much he loved Lucie turned out to be very, very real. In this passage, Carton declares to Lucie, â€Å"†¦think now and then that there is a man who would give his life, to keep a life you love beside you† à ¯Ã‚ ¨204). In his last moments, Carton visualizes Lucie feeling that â€Å"each was not more honoured and held sacred in the other’s soul, than I was in the souls of both,† referring to the respect and recognition that both Darnay and Lucie give to Carton à ¯Ã‚ ¨500). In this passage, Carton sets up his feelings for her, perhaps knowing that someday he would have the chance to occupy a special place in Lucie’s heart for a noble, heroic act. His â€Å"sacrifice for you and for thos e dear to you† embodies the Charles Dickens’ theme of love overpowering everything. With love, Carton was able to have the strength to sacrifice his life for the happiness of one person he cared about. With love, not jealousy, he was able to ask Darnay, â€Å"I wish we might be friends† à ¯Ã‚ ¨275). While Lucie does not reciprocate Carton’s love, she does defend him in front of Darnay, declaring â€Å"I would ask you†¦to be very generous with him always†¦I would ask you to believe that he has a heart he very, very seldom reveals, and that there are deep wounds in it† à ¯Ã‚ ¨278). By Carton declaring his love for Lucie and being wholly devoted to her, he is not only able to give Lucie a complete family, safe and protected in England, but he is also able to say that â€Å"it is a far, far better thing that I do, than I have ever done; it is a far, far better rest that I go to, than I have ever known,† clearly displaying that through his death, he is gaining all the love and admiration he never had before à ¯Ã‚ ¨500). Sydney Carton is my favorite character of the entire novel. His noble act despite the unrequited love between him and Lucie is such an honorable action, and the fact that he kept true to his word about giving his life â€Å"to keep a life you love beside you† makes him all the more noble à ¯Ã‚ ¨204). I thought that this passage was really a turning point for Sydney Carton’s character, since up to that point he had been very reserved and inarticulate, but when he went to speak to Lucie he became this eloquent speaker, driven by a strong love. From then on, we continue to see Carton’s character develop, creatively seeking out the apothecary for the substances in order for the plan to work. He acted without a moment’s hesitation, and that â€Å"[his face] was the peacefullest man’s face ever beheld there† shows that he had absolutely no regrets about his sacrifice à ¯Ã‚ ¨4à ¯Ã‚ ¹Ãƒ ¯Ã‚ ¹). To be that calm when he is about to be the newest victim of the Guillotine is a daunting task in itself, but to have someone who would sacrifice his or her life just for someone else’s happiness is beyond imaginable. Therefore, this passage sets the stage for Carton’s ultimate sacrifice, making Carton no longer a â€Å"disappointed drudge,† but a noble hero who goes from being a friend to Darnay and the Manettes to becoming their savior. There is no greater sacrifice that Carton could have made, and for it all to be because he loved Lucie unconditionally is a pretty incredible thing.

Evaluating Mental Health Policy Health And Social Care Essay

Evaluating Mental Health Policy Health And Social Care Essay Mental ill health during early motherhood, or perinatal mental illness, is a serious public health issue with potentially serious consequences for womens life-long mental health and the health and wellbeing of their children and families (Hayes, et al, 2001). Although difficult to estimate, there are also economic and social costs associated with the cognitive and behavioural impact of postnatal depression. As of 2008, the national economic burden of this condition to public services is estimated at  £35.7 million per annum. The mean estimated cost for maternal care in the community for those with postnatal depression is 55% higher than for those without (Petrou et al, 2002). It can also herald the onset of long-term mental health problems for the mother and is associated with increased risk of maternal suicide (Oates, 2003). Postnatal depression has also been linked with depression in fathers and with high rates of family breakdown (Ballard, 1994). There is also evidence that chil dren born to depressed mothers do less well educationally, experience higher levels of behavioural problems and are more likely to develop psychological problems in later life (Oates, 2002). Social support is a flexible concept so broad that its meaning can easily be assumed, or bent to different purposes, rather than overtly attended to. This produces problems in researching social support since the underlying assumptions or theoretical frameworks of the work are not always clear. Postnatal depression has been associated with a lack of social support (Bebbington, 1998). The risk of PND has been found to increase when the level of social support is low or absent (Morse et al 2000; Pederson 1999). Beck (1992) states that social support not only provides practical help, but can aid the mother emotionally by hindering the common experience of rumination. There are three common forms of postnatal illnesses: the baby blues, postnatal (or postpartum) depression and puerperal psychosis, each of which differs in its prevalence, clinical presentation, and management. Postnatal depression is the most common complication of childbearing (Wisner, et al 2002), affecting 10-15% of women (Cooper et al, 2008). According to the National Institute for Clinical Evidence (NICE, 2007) postnatal depression (hereafter also known as PND) has been defined as non-psychotic depression occurring during the first 3 months following the birth of a baby. The 10th revision of the International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems (ICD-10) defines the perinatal period as commencing at 22 completed weeks (154 days) of gestation and ending seven completed days after birth (WHO, 1992). In the fourth edition of the Diagnostic Statistical Manual (DSM-IV), the American Psychiatric Association makes no mention of perinatal mental illness a lthough postnatal depression is included, but only if the mother is diagnosed within four weeks of the birth (American Psychiatric Organisation, 1994). The interest and motivation for exploring the topic of postnatal depression is due to professional experience of working in this field. This dissertation seeks to explore the variety of approaches for treating PND, focussing on the role of social support. Current national policy and frameworks will be examined, together with current practice of interventions. Evaluating Mental Health Policy There have been many discussions about whether depression during the early postnatal period is either quantitatively or qualitatively different from depression at other times (Stoppard, 2000) and has been the focus of much policy and research since the 1960s (Brockington, 1998). In 2004, the National Institute for Clinical Evidence (NICE) asked the National Collaborating Centre for Mental Health (NCCMH) to develop a clinical guideline on the treatment and management of mental health problems in the antenatal and postnatal period (NCCMH, 2004). Before this, the Department of Health published a 10 year agenda for improving mental health care in England, known as the National Service Framework for Mental Health (NSF, 1999) which set priorities for the way that services were to be provided. The NSF proposed protocols to be implemented for the management of postnatal depression, anxiety disorders and those needing referral to psychological therapies. The NSF recognised the role of Health Visitors with training who could use routine contact with new mothers to identify PND and treat its milder forms. Furthermore, the NSF related to actions to reduce suicides, by ensuring that staff would be competent to assess the risk of suicide among individuals at greatest risk. This standard was relevant to Health Visitors, as maternal suicide was cited as the largest cause of maternal death in the first postnatal year. Subsequent policy statements and guidance have since been supplemented to the framework, including the National Institute of Clinical Evidence (NICE, 2007) guidelines for antenatal and postnatal mental health (NICE-CG45, 2007). The NICE guidance identifies the need for emotional and social support for new mothers, whilst the National Service Framework aims to deliver a high quality standardized service. In 2007, the in-depth guidance was published where the standards for postnatal mental health needs were summarized as: All professionals involved in the care of women immediately following childbirth need to be able to distinguish normal emotional and psychological changes from significant mental health problems, and to refer women for support according to their needs All professionals directly involved in the care of each woman who has been identified as at risk of a recurrence of a severe mental illness following the birth, including the family, are familiar with her relapse signs Each woman who has been identified as at risk of a recurrence of a severe mental illness has a written plan of agreed multi-disciplinary interventions and actions to be taken The Department of Health issued guidance in 2009, called the Healthy Child Programme: pregnancy and the first five years of life and is an update to the National Service Framework for Children, Young People and Maternity Services (2004). The programme emphasises the NICE guidelines, including the need for the woman to be asked sensitive and appropriate questions to help identify depression. Additionally, the programme states the need for parent-infant groups, baby massage, listening visits, cognitive behavioural therapy and interpersonal therapy. In February 2011, the Government published its new Mental Health strategy No Health without Mental Health which acknowledges that mental health is a public health issue that needs co-operation from many different agencies, including education, social care, housing, employment and welfare. According to NICE (2007), various psychosocial and psychological treatments are recommended for the management of depression in the postnatal period: Social support can be defined in terms of sources of support (e.g. spouse, friends and relatives, support groups), or in terms of the type of support received, (e.g. informational support, emotional support, practical support). Non-directive counselling an empathic and non-judgemental approach, listening rather than directing but offering non-verbal encouragement. This approach is usually offered by health visitors. Self-help strategies: Guided self help Computerized cognitive behavioural therapy (C-CBT) Exercise Brief psychological treatment Structured psychological treatment: Cognitive behavioural therapy Interpersonal therapy NICE guidelines clearly state that PND services are subject to local variation due to locally existing services. To ensure the effective provision of high quality clinical services, it is essential that there is a clear referral and management protocol for services with a well defined pathway. Furthermore, NICE guidance states that services should develop clinical networks to improve access for women to specialist perinatal mental health services. In a report published in March 2011 by the Patients Association, it was found that 64% of Primary Care Trusts (PCTs) do not have a specific strategy in place when commissioning services specific to PND. World Class Commissioning (www.icn.csip.org.uk) clearly states that PCTs should have services that accurately reflect the needs of the local population. The report also shows that 44% of PCTs are failing to implement the NICE guidance due to not being part of a clinical network or not having a lead clinician for perinatal mental health. Is there a problem? What is it? Why does it need to be solved? What is your hypothesis (hunch)? Who will benefit from your investigation? In what sense will they benefit? In what sense will my contribution add to what is already known? How in general terms are you going to solve the problem, e.g., collect data, analyse data? By what methods? E.g., a case study approach. What are the constraints or limitations of the study? Methodology ( The title of this dissertation is postnatal depression and the role of social support from a feminist perspective. A systematic literature review was conducted The search methods used for the literature review were as follows: Databases searched included: MEDLINE, CINAHL, DAWSONERA, PsychLit, EBCOHOST, CENTRAL and DARE. Published books as listed in the References. Published articles in hard copy journals. Key terms were: postnatal depression, postpartum depression, isolation, social support, stigma, mental illness The searches were designed to be as inclusive as possible The searches were limited to articles between 1985 and 2011. An additional google search was conducted Overall, a total of ( ) abstracts were identified by the literature searches, over ( ) papers were assessed resulting in the final reference list of ( ) papers. Methodological limitations Ethical limitations The overall aim of this study is to understand postnatal depression and the objectives are as follows: Explore the different sources of social support for new mothers in the year following childbirth To evaluate the effectiveness of different models To examine the evidence of efficacy of social support To consider the findings in relation to policy and practice interventions and guidance of perinatal mental health Theoretical Perspective Brewer (2000) states that theory is a set of interrelated abstract propositions about human affairs and the social world. While much of the research on postnatal depression has been subjective, it may provide a political and ideological commitment to supporting the development of health services specifically targeted at womens health needs. Such a political process is consistent with the drive of feminist concerns that the health care system has failed to distinguish the particular needs of women (Najman, et al, 2000). This dissertation will attempt to look at the role of social support role from a feminist perspective. According to Busfield (1996), feminism is a philosophy suggesting that women have been systematically disadvantaged. Durrheim (1999) argues that feminist theorists aim to change this by investigating the situations and understanding the experiences of women in society and in doing so, provide a better world for women. Feminist research is opposed to patriarchal societies, which attempt to understand the world in order to control and exploit its resources. Feminists also describe the male point of view as objective, logical, task-orientated and instrumental. It reflects a male emphasis on individual competition, on dominating and controlling the environment (Neuman, 1997). Further, by examining postnatal depression through a feminist lens, the mechanism of social structure that contributes to the pressure to find motherhood a perfect, happy time can be addressed. Postnatal depression has been reported and studied since 1858 (Richards, 1990). In the nineteenth century, psychiatric disorders due to pregnancy and childbirth were common enough to account for 10% of all asylum admissions (Marland, 2003). Allen (1986) states that writer Chesler (1972) assumes that psychiatry sees women as madder than men and is perhaps rooted in the historical context of womens psycho-pathology being linked with femininity (Showalter, 1987). Taylor (1996), suggests that the dominant discourse surrounding postnatal depression overlooks the social construction of gender order and conventional gendered power dynamics. Furthermore, she stresses that the media play a role in blaming mothers, questioning appropriate behaviour and the choice of self-identity outside of motherhood. The structure of families in modern society creates problems of isolation and alienation (Taylor, 1996) as we move away from the traditional nuclear family unit and loss of close extended family ties. Over the past decade, self-help, recovery, and support groups that draw upon the discourse of feminism have gained increasing importance as sources of emotional support and settings in which women seek to redefine the female self. Models of mental illness Postnatal depression is conceptualized as a disease or illness and research efforts have been devoted to describing, predicting, preventing, and treating it (Cox Holden, 1994). Researchers have also endeavoured to uncover the underlying factors associated or correlated with postnatal depression, including biological variables such as hormones, other biochemicals, genetic factors; psychological characteristics such as personality traits, self-esteem, previous psychiatric history, family history, attitudes towards children, deficiencies in self-control, attribution style, social skills; a range of social variables, for example an unplanned pregnancy, method of feeding the baby, type of delivery, obstetric complications, infant temperament, previous experience with babies, marital relationship, social support, stressful life events, employment status, and socio-demographic characteristics such as social class, age, education, income, parity (OHara Zekoski, 1988). Mental illness can be difficult for people to understand or empathise with. Similarly, even mental health professionals can have difficulties in understanding what is going on for the patient, as there is no one diagnostic test that can be performed on the brain in an attempt to provide a simple answer or treatment. The effects of mental illness are made apparent in actions, feelings and thoughts, and therefore a model or group of linked theories is used to explain the cause and predict the best source of treatment. Doctors helping people with mental illness have models to guide them in both diagnosis and treatment. Most models of mental illnesses will nowadays acknowledge a combination of biological, psychological and social factors. Different models will, however, vary in which factors they rate as the most important. When advising a patient, a doctor tries to look at which interventions are likely to work best for that particular patient, taking into account the patients symptom s and circumstances. Models are the basis of every scientific belief. The medical model and behavioural model of psychiatric illness differ in their assumptions about the nature of the illness and the appropriate treatment (ref), however many practicing psychiatrists use features from both in the bio-psycho-social model (ref). Psychological models such as the learning theory, personal construct theory and psychoanalytic theory differ in the time-scale over which they try to produce explanations of behaviour. A biological model of mental illness is based on the presumption that the illness has a physical cause and therefore requires a physical treatment. This model suggests that mental illness is caused by chemicals, genetics or hormonal imbalances and such, a biological intervention or treatment would be drugs to reverse the chemical imbalance. A psychological model says that disruption or dysfunction in psychological processes lead to mental illness. Furthermore, personal experiences, social and environmental factors are important contributors to psychological distress. Taking anti-depressant medication would not be treating the cause of the problems; therefore treatment would be in the form of therapy such as psychoanalysis and cognitive behaviour therapy. There are two social models of mental illness: the labelling theory states that behaviours disliked by society are labelled as symptoms of a psychiatric illness. Labelling a person as having a disease, particularly mental illness is to become that illness, for instance shes mental and it is therefore easy to understand the concept of blame and stigma surrounding mental illness. Society believes that we can and should be able to control our psyche and emotions and thus the descent into mental crisis should be avoidable and controllable. Labelling, therefore, questions the very existence of mental illness and helps to maintain the imbalance of power between men and women (Taylor, 1996). Labelling a gendered illness provides society with a more palatable acceptance of the disease and its options for treatment. Szasz (1962) examined the concepts of stigma in mental illness and criticised the ways in which psychiatry made assumptions about those labelled as mentally ill. Another theory is that social situations can lead to a mental illness. For instance poverty leads to situations that a person cannot control, which can lead the person to develop anxiety. Some researchers suggest that the availability of medical care and expectations of quality of life following the birth of a baby (Thurtle, 1995) lead to postnatal depression. Feminist sociologists have looked at the impact of social factors on womens mental illness from three different perspectives: societal causes, medical causes and the mother herself (Taylor, 1996). A typical feminist approach would be to question whether a historically patriarchal tradition, namely medicine, can realistically address the experiences and needs of women. Medical perspectives consider that womens unhappiness and discontent is framed in psychiatric terms and are therefore treated accordingly. The medical model has been the dominant theoretical perspective of postnatal depression and according to a feminist perspective this disempowers womens individual experiences. While feminist researchers have criticized the medical model for the way it blames individual mothers for their difficulties, mothers themselves feel that the medical label and status, and the hormonal explanation, have the opposite effect of releasing them from blame and responsibility because the depression is something which is happening to them, their bodies and is therefore beyond their control. It is reassuring for some to know that they were not going mad but experiencing a medically recognized problem, shared by other mothers, and for which they were neither responsible nor to blame. Oakley (ref) suggests that pregnancy and childbirth are constituted as a disease by the medical profession. In an article written for the British Journal of General Practice, Richards (ref) questioned whether giving the diagnosis of postnatal depression to tired, overwhelmed women, simply allows them to claim sickness benefit. Considerable effort has been put into research into the causes of postnatal depression from a biological or hormonal reason; however Richards (1990) believes that no consistent relationship has been found. Dalton (1989) claims that there are endocrinology reasons for depression after childbirth, and that this could be treated by diet or hormonal treatment. However Oakley (1980) criticizes this view from a feminist perspective, believing this emphasizes women as reproducers. Despite Daltons (1989) opinion that postnatal depression is caused by hormones, she does believe that social and psychological support could benefit the mother. Kitzinger (2006) believes that many women are wrongly labelled as suffering from postnatal depression because they are unhappy after the birth, when in fact their distress is the result of a medically managed but traumatic birth. Kitzinger (2006) argues that the failure of the maternity services to give humane care can be ignored when the focus is placed on the mothers performance during childbirth. There are many theoretical perspectives that seek to explain the notion of postnatal depression and this dissertation will be focussing on the feminist perspective in a later chapter. Chapter 2 Postnatal Depression The postnatal period is well known as an increased time of risk for the development of serious mood disorders. Many women feel exhausted, not just from the physical efforts from giving birth, but the emotional effects of adjusting to their new role as a mother. Although this dissertation is concentrating on postnatal depression, there are two other important conditions that can be diagnosed after the birth, which will be briefly mentioned as follows; Baby blues Baby blues is the term used to describe temporary feelings of tearfulness and lack of concentration either immediately following the birth or within a few days, sometimes coinciding with the mothers milk coming in. These feelings may come as a shock to the mother, as she may have expected to feel joy and elation. This condition is very common in up to 80% of new mothers, so is considered as normal, but generally passes after about ten days. There is no treatment for the baby blues, however practical and emotional support in these first few days would be helpful. Puerperal psychosis Puerperal psychosis is a terrifying and rare complication following the birth affecting between one in 500 and one in 1000 mothers. The symptoms are hallucinations and delusions and often the mother believes that the baby is evil, she hears voices and can be confused. The word psychosis is simply a medical term, which means, according to the dictionary: any severe mental disorder in which contact with reality is lost or highly distorted The common treatment is anti-psychotic medication; however the mother may have to be admitted to a psychiatric unit for observation. Symptoms of PND The onset of postnatal depression can be gradual and difficult to distinguish either from the normal emotional sensitivity of recent childbirth, or because the mother is hesitant to disclose her true feelings. Many women feel that they may not need support or that they can manage on their own, whereas others may think there is a stigma attached to admitting feeling depressed. Some of the identifying symptoms of postnatal depression can be physical, however the majority are emotional and affect the everyday life of the mother. In order for a diagnosis to be made, at least five of the following symptoms have to be present for at least two continuous weeks; Feeling unable to cope, loss of confidence, feeling inadequate Panic attacks, excessive anxiety and obsessions about the baby, routines and cleaning Negative thoughts, irrational thoughts, depressed mood Feeling little/no love for the child, delayed/no bonding with the baby Not enjoying motherhood and wondering what is wrong with them because of it No interest or pleasure in anything, boredom, things seeming pointless Suicidal thoughts Constantly needing reassurance Fear that if they asked for help their baby would be taken away Feeling a burden to family and friends Everything seeming negative, unable to remember positive times/things Things getting out of proportion, being thrown by even small things Tiredness, lethargy Loss of appetite, weight loss Loss of interest in sex, loss of libido Risk factors There is considerable discussion surrounding the cause of postnatal depression (Richards, 1990). In a report written by OHara and Zekosi (1996), their findings led to the conclusion that PND reflects the coincidental occurrence of the puerperium and depression, rather than reflecting a causal relation between childbearing and depression. However, Kumar et al, (1984) found that childbearing in itself has a damaging effect on the mental health of women. Martin et al (2001) conducted a comparison of women in a psychiatric mother and baby unit and concluded that puerperal depression has a distinct biological aetiology. This conflicts with Richards (1990) conclusion that there is no link. According to Harlow (2003), any mother can be affected by postnatal depression, with no relation to age, social class, cultural background or educational status. However, research studies have consistently shown that the following risk factors are strong predictors of PND: Poor quality social support An unstable or unsupportive relationship Depression or anxiety in pregnancy Previous history of sexual abuse Recent stressful life events Labour/birth trauma In addition to many factors on the mothers side, there may be a relation between the behaviour of the infant that has an effect on maternal depression. In a study of 188 first time mothers, neonatal irritability and poor motor function was found to predict postnatal depression (Murray et al. 1996). There are few studies on the role of infant factors in the aetiology of postnatal depression, but it is possible that the babies react to parental mood and depression and vice versa. Prevalence According to Cox (1993) the incidence of women developing postnatal depression in the UK is between 10-12%. However, a study conducted in 2002, found that 27% of mothers aged between 15-44 years of age were found to be suffering from postnatal depression, of which half of them had contacted their GP within 4 months of the birth (Kaye, 2002). The rate of prevalence has varied due to different criteria (e.g, general practitioners or psychiatrists diagnosis, self-report questionnaire, clinical interview), different study designs and different time intervals (from few days up to several years) used. OHara (1987) suggested that the symptoms of postnatal depression can be relieved and diminished within one to six months, but sometimes depression can become chronic. Thus, it should be acknowledged that without effective treatment postnatal depressive symptoms may continue for as long as one to two years. The sixth report of the confidential enquiries into maternal deaths in the UK, Why Mothers Die, reported suicide as the most common cause of maternal death for women in the first year after childbirth. According to the Confidential Enquiries Report for Mothers and Child Health (Lewis, 2004) the number of suicides by women during the perinatal period has declined from 29 in 1997-1999 to 21 known suicides in 2000-2002. Depression can lead to more deaths from suicide each year than there are deaths from road accidents. According to Gregoire et al (1996), if postnatal depression is left untreated, 25% of women will continue to suffer one year after delivery and one in twenty-one women will still have postnatal depression two years later (Lumley et al, 2003). The statistics also show that women with untreated PND are at least 300 times more likely to suffer again in subsequent pregnancies (Hamilton et al, 1992). Detection There are a number of rating scales used to measure and detect postnatal depression. In many countries, health visitors screen for PND using the Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale (EPDS), which is a 10-item self-reporting screening instrument to aid the detection of post-natal depression (Cox et al. 1987; Murray and Carothers 1990; Warner et al. 1996; Wickberg and Hwang 1996b). This is designed to assess the mother at 6-8 weeks after the birth by the Health Visitor at home (appendix). A threshold score of 12 has been used as an indication that correctly identifies at least 80% of mothers with major depression (Cox et al. 1987; Harris et al. 1989; Murray and Carothers 1990). The NICE guidelines recommend the use of the Whooley questions (appendix) as a simple screening method to detect postnatal depression. This screening technique is used by health visitors at the initial contact and offers the opportunity to screen without a formal assessment. However, the EPDS and Whooley questions are not diagnostic tools in their self, and should always be used in conjunction with a clinical evaluation if necessary. Consequences of postnatal depression Different mechanisms have been proposed to explain the effect of postnatal depression to childs psychopathology (Murray and Cooper 1997). Whiffen (1989) suggests that infant temperament and behaviour is related to postnatal depression, both as a consequence and a cause of it. Mothers with chronic depression have infants with more behavioural problems such as sleeping and eating problems and temper tantrums (Campbell et al. 1997), and severity of depressive symptoms associates with compromised cognitive and attachment security (Lyons-Ruth et al. 1986). A second effect might be the maternal interactional and parenting style, secondary to maternal depression. Mothers with postnatal depression may be emotionally unavailable for their infants and they may withdraw from interaction situations. In addition, they may respond in an inappropriate or unpredicted or even unreceptive manner to their child. Paternal postnatal depression is rarely reported or studied, but estimated rates of paternal depression have varied from 4 to 13% (Ballard et al. 1994, Areias et al. 1996) in the early postpartum period. Treatment and Prevention If postnatal depression is left untreated, it can persist for many months with adverse consequences for mothers, children and families (Josefsson et al, 2001). There is the possibility of short and long-term consequences for the babys cognitive, social and emotional development. Depressed mothers make more negative and fewer positive responses to their babies and the infants learn a style of interaction that transfers to their subsequent interactions with other people (Field, et al 1988). Longer term adverse influences have been demonstrated on childrens language development, IQ and social development (Coghill et al . 1986; Sharp et al . 1995; Murray et al. 1996; 1999). Typically, mothers with postnatal depression go through silent suffering. Effective treatments are available, but help is often not actively sought. Small and his group (1994) found out that only one third of depressed mothers sought professional help. However, these mothers often advised other depressed mothers to find someone to talk to. However, the evidence for the effectiveness of interventions to prevent postnatal depression is conflicting. Stuart, et al, (2003) suggested that early intervention, even in the antenatal period is an effective way of tackling postnatal depression. Midwives counselling, given support and explanations about the childbirth prior to labour provided a better postnatal mental health of the mothers (Lavender and Walkinshaw 1998). The statistical power of existing studies is, however, very limited (Lawrie 2000). The provision

Night :: essays research papers

Night 4 Books related to Night 4 Night by Elie Wiesel showed me the true horrors that took place during World War II. After reading this book, I really took time to think about and reflect upon the travesties that took place during that time. Throughout my paper, I will discuss Elie Wiesel’s life, his style, the cultural information and historical content of the book. I will also evaluate this book according to its quality interest it provided me. I hope you find this book review to be informative and entertaining. Elie Wiesel was born in 1928 in Romania. He grew up experiencing the first-hand horrors of the holocaust. At age 15, Elie was sent to Auschwitz camp by the Nazis. Auschwitz is known to be one of the worst camps during the Holocaust. This book is a biography, about his life in camp. This book is extremely detailed and it is meant for teenagers. I think that it is important for people to have the information as to what went on in the holocaust. It is a perfect resource for people my age, since it is a short book, and doesn’t go into too much detail. There is also a lot of action, which would catch most people’s attention. This book takes place during World War II. Elie Wiesel and his family are taken to Auschwitz, one of the worst -2- camps during the holocaust. His family and him are persecuted for really no reason, as were the rest of the Jews at this time. All of the information presented were the many things I have learnt in classes, about World War II. An example is when the Nazis would tell people that they were taking them to the shower room. The people would all be stripped of their clothes and thrown in. The next moment, a lethal gas would start coming out of the walls, and kill them. The term â€Å"genocide† was also used in this book. I learnt about genocide and the definition is the mass killing of a whole group or race. I think it is remarkable how a whole race could be destroyed, like the Jews were during this time. None of the information conflicts with what I have learnt in class. There is no way that anyone could possibly find it in their heart to defend or forgive the Nazis for what they did.

harley davidson Essay -- essays research papers

Information Technology The website of Harley Davidson gave us a new concept of Motorcycles! The extension of this website is exceptional. The virtual Customer Service in this website is notorious and extremely helpful. From other motorcycles websites this is one of the most professionals ones where the customer can get a flavor of the company from products up to their businesses profits and others...Harley Davidson publishes material related to all aspects of their motorcycles and provides to their own and the general public good information, expanding their products and other services with local information for countries around the world. Their information and technology, including digital libraries, metadata, authorization and authentication, electronic journals and electronic publishing, telecommunications, distributed systems and networks, computer security and intellectual property rights, technical standards, geographic information systems, desktop applications, online catalogs and bibliographic syst ems, optical information systems, software engineering, universal access to technology, futuristic forecasting, library consortia, vendor relations, and technology and the arts. "Put your ass on some class," reads one (not necessarily official) Harley-Davidson T-shirt that I saw in some of the pictures while I e-shopping on EBay!. I want to show with my presentation a little taste of harley’s communication systems with the public, their investment in Media is amazing and the strategies used are well combined with today’s technology of advertising and marketing directed to all customer around the world. Harley-Davidson is the only major US maker of motorcycles and the world's No.1 seller of heavyweight motorcycles. The company offers 32 models of touring and custom Harleys through a worldwide network of more than 1,300 dealers. Harley models include the Electra Glide, the Sportster, and the Fat Boy. Besides its bikes, Harley-Davidson sells attitude and position -- goods licensed with the company name include a line of clothing and accessories (Motor Clothes). The company also makes motorcycles under the Buell nameplate. Harley-Davidson Financial Services offers financing to dealers and consumers in the US, Canada and European market. Harley-Davidson Inc. People: †¢ Chairman & Chief Executive - Jeffrey L. B... ...so, gain a good attention in detail the Harley-Davidson Cafes, located in various cities including New York City and Las Vegas, These booming restaurants provide Harley enthusiasts with great food, souvenir merchandise and the possibility to see unusual biker memorabilia. This makes Harley one of the most recognizable symbols in America today. The devotion to its existing customers has produced a loyalty that is enviable by many other companies. My Conclusion When I was developing this work I felt I had too much information to present. I was happy preparing the presentation on PowerPoint and seeing the pictures and creating the whole arrangement was very difficult but enjoyable. Without much computer guidance this tasks was part interesting and part difficult when dealing with information to get it right in excel and Access, I normally use the Word and PowerPoint programs to develop most of my assignments but never had to deal with the other two at all. I feel I should get more guidance and practice with those programs perhaps more often, but I feel confident to know the use of the computers and Internet as well as the other programs mention above.

Why Is the Initial Consultation so Important?

Word count: 1892 Why is the initial consultation so important? What factors will an ethical therapist cover at this time? In this essay I will be looking at the purpose of the initial consultation, what happens during this meeting and why it is such an important time in the client/therapist relationship. I will endeavour to cover as many of these issues as possible in order to illustrate the importance of this initial consultation and the factors that an ethically minded therapist should cover. The initial consultation†¦free or not?The initial consultation may well be the most crucial aspect of hypnotherapy, if not all therapies. Everything from the knowing the client, interpersonal dynamic to the eventual success of the therapy has a basis in this first meeting between the client and the therapist. Indeed, the client’s decision to remain engaged with the therapeutic process may be determined by factors from this early meeting. There is much controversy and debate around whether the client should be charged for the initial consultation. One thought is that charging would be unjust if the therapist cannot provide the sought therapy for one reason or another.A counter argument to this is: if there is no charge clients may take advantage of this â€Å"free† session without any intention to return. It could also be said that a â€Å"free† session acts as a lure for the client, implying they may feel obligated to enter into a contract with the hypnotherapist. In my opinion, the initial consultation is fundamental for the evaluation of the client, in order to have a clear idea of the client’s issues and needs. It would be unethical practice on the part of the therapist if this evaluation was not carried out. As long as this is explained to the client in the very first contact then it is right to charge.However I myself would prefer to offer this as a â€Å"free† consultation because I see the first session as an evaluation for both parties. It is an opportunity for the therapist to fulfil their duty of care and understand the client’s needs before undertaking any work with them. It is also an opportunity for the client to explore the possibility of undertaking a course of therapy without feeling any pressure to continue if they feel uncomfortable. I would however make this consultation session shorter than a usual session, to distinguish the difference.I would also have very clear boundaries around how a free consultation was administered. Some of the benefits of providing a free initial consultation are: †¢ Enables you to get a ‘feel’ for the client, as you will be face to face – is this someone you could work with? †¢ You can check that you do not know the client in any way or that you are not connected to them in a way that is inappropriate (Dual Relationship) †¢ You can check whether they are on any medication, particularly anti-psychotics or anti-depressants †¢ You can gain an understanding of their family history that may indicate possible areas of concern. You can assess their goal with them and determine whether it is obtainable †¢ You can arrange a contract for your therapy including costs and number of sessions before reviewing †¢ You can find out about previous therapy/counselling in the past- was it successful, are there any therapies they didn’t like? Why? You can gain an understanding of their family dynamic and living environment †¢ You can enquire as to any problems that may effect their motivation and self esteem †¢ You can assess whether you will need to run any questions by your supervisor before proceeding further †¢ Conveys professionalism in your field – which can only assist with public relations and instilling respect and trust in this therapy. †¢ May help to encourage ‘undecided’ potential clients attend as ‘what have they got to lose? †¢ Assist s with building trust and rapport, you are building a working relationship before the therapy starts in earnest. †¢ You can assess whether you have the skills to go ahead with therapy †¢ You can explain your confidentiality policy †¢ You can assess the personality of the person by using the assessment questionnaire – therefore deciding what style of screed you could use with them †¢ You can also assess modality and obtain other information that ou may need to create a personalised induction †¢ You can makes sure there is no sexual attraction between yourself and client – this would undoubtedly interfere with the therapy and would be unethical practice †¢ You can begin the process of ‘seeding’ the client for ready acceptance of future work †¢ Enables you time to seek GP approval if that is what is needed. It could be argued that the only ‘con’ that comes from offering a free initial consultation is the cost to yourself as you will have given away half an hour or so of your time for free, time that maybe could have been spent with a paying client.It is important to note that you have to be very careful as to how you advertise and conduct free initial consultations. This is due to complex legal issues relating to using free products as a sales pitch. Knowing and Informing The consultation process should be concerned with two primary aims; knowing the person and informing the person. The latter is somewhat less involved and aims to ensure that the client has a clear understanding of the therapist, the nature of hypnosis, and the guidelines within which both are framed.Clients need to know that they are dealing with a trained individual, and how that person will work with them. This means that they should know the therapist’s qualifications (and perhaps even a method of checking them, such as a telephone number or web address) and their particular philosophy or approach to therapy. So me clients may have experience of preferred or disliked therapies. The client also needs to be clear about the nature of hypnosis, what it is and what it is not, issues regarding loss of control, revealing secrets, not coming out of a trance etc.It might be useful to send such information to clients when they make their consultation appointment and then review it during the first face-to-face meeting. As explored above, meeting with the client for the first time is very much concerned with learning about them and their needs and their expectations of the possible therapy. It goes without saying that this is also a crucial time for the therapist to gather as much information to begin a successful therapeutic relationship. Information and data will usually be collected and added to a form that is generally referred to as a ‘Notation’.This will cover details such as: †¢ Full name (also name they like to be referred to) †¢ Address and contact details (including pe rmission to use these contact numbers etc) †¢ Occupation †¢ G. P. name and surgery †¢ Medical history – current Medication and health problems, addictions †¢ Relationship status †¢ Childhood – brief description eg happy, average, bad childhood †¢ Hobbies/interests †¢ Problems in work life †¢ Problems in close relationships †¢ Any previous experience of Hypnotherapy or other therapies †¢ Dislikes/fears What is the clients goal and is this a long term problem/If so what brings them to therapy now †¢ Any other issues All of the above information is required if the therapist intends to work within an ethical framework. Talking to the client face to face gives the therapist more information by observing body language for example and it is also an opportunity to begin to build trust and develop rapport but probably most importantly it is necessary to find out if the work requested is actually within the therapist’ s professional scope.Medical history and current medication will give a good indication as to whether the client can be helped in this setting. If there is any suggestion of mental illness it could be detrimental to the client to pursue this course of action and unethical for the therapist. If in doubt the therapist has a duty to seek approval from the clients GP, informing him of the intended changes the client would like to make, and the course of therapy intended. This can only take place with the clients consent and without this the therapy cannot egin and should not. The therapist has a duty of care to refuse the client and any other action would be unethical. Some times it might be necessary to refer the client on to a more relevant professional. If the client is assessed as a suitable candidate for hypnotherapy it is now important for the therapist to get to ‘know the client’ and to begin to build a working relationship based on mutual respect. Listening to the c lient, being truly present, will go a long way towards the client feeling safe and heard.Paying attention to the client’s personality is also important, and we need to try and ‘mirror’ that to a degree. For example if a client is very shy and reserved he will feel uncomfortable if the therapist acts in a flamboyant and theatrical manner. If in telling his story the client observes facial expressions and body language that seem judgemental the client is unlikely to feel positively towards the therapist. In order to build rapport we must behave in a way that facilitates the required response, alienating the client will only serve to close down the relationship before it has even started.When actively listening to the client it is important to be empathic rather than sympathetic. This is far more helpful as this helps the client to find a solution to the problem as opposed to a moment of sympathy, which the client could ordinarily get without seeking professional gu idance. During this gathering of information, the therapist is able to learn more about the client’s lifestyle, childhood, relationships, personality traits, likes and dislikes style and modality.With this knowledge the therapist can craft or adapt a screed to suit that persons preferred modality and style. In learning about the client the therapist is able to help in a much more effective way and is able to avoid any words and images that might be detrimental to the treatment. As rapport develops and more is revealed about the client, it might become necessary to change the style of a screed, but it is at least a starting point that will have more relevance, than if the therapist started with a generic script.The more personalised screed is likely to have a more positive outcome. It is also useful to find out if the client has had any experience of therapies previously and if the experience was a positive one. Find out if the client has any previous knowledge, exposure or ex pectations of hypnosis. Do they have any fears surrounding pursuing a course of hypnotherapy? Now is the time to discuss these issues and to try to allay any fears  they may have. If the client has no previous experience of Hypnotherapy, use this time to educate the client about what hypnosis is and isn’t.The therapist should end the initial consultation by summarising what was said, they should give a brief outline of the main points, issues and themes that the client has raised. This gives a complete picture of what was discussed and also it allows space to clear up any misunderstandings. Conclusion To summarise, the initial consultation is important because it gives the client and therapist chance to evaluate each other face to face and to decide whether they can realistically (and ethically) work with each other.There are many important factors that need to be given careful consideration before any therapy commences and the information gathered (and imparted) at this ti me is key to gaining the knowledge required for a successful outcome, if therapy commences. References and Bibliography Chrysalis Module 3 handout ‘The role of the Subconscious’ Karle and Boys Hypnotherapy, A Practical Handbook (2nd edn), Free Association Books (2010) Heap and Dryden, Hypnotherapy A Handbook,Open University Press (2010)